The Physician Hippocrates and Greek Medicine

Hippocrates, the father of medicine, may have lived from c. 460-377 B.C., a period covering the Age of Pericles and the Persian War. Like other details about Hippocrates, we really know very little beyond the fact that he is considered a great physician and was counted the greatest by the ancient Greeks. Born in Cos, site of an important temple of Asclepius, god of medicine, Hippocrates may have studied medicine with his father. He traveled around Greece training medical students that there are scientific reasons for ailments. Before him, medical conditions were attributed to divine intervention. Hippocrates maintained that all diseases have natural causes. He made diagnoses and prescribed simple treatments like diet, hygiene, and sleep. Hippocrates is the author of the saying Life is short, and the Art long (from his Aphorisms). The name Hippocrates is familiar because of the oath that doctors take (Hippocratic Oath) and a body of early medical treatises that are attributed to Hippocrates (Hippocratic corpus), which includes the Aphorisms. Hippocrates and Humoral Theory Quiz Hippocrates Medical Texts Hippocrates is on the list of Most Important People to Know in Ancient History. Also Known As: The Father of Medicine, the divine old man, Hippocrates of Cos Examples: Hippocrates of Cos isnt the mathematician Hippocrates of Chios. Go to Other Ancient / Classical History Glossary pages beginning with the letter a | b | c | d | e | f | g | h | i | j | k | l | m | n | o | p | q | r | s | t | u | v | wxyz

Breast Cancer Disparities By Cory Short - 2629 Words

9 Breast Cancer Disparities By: Cory Short BIOL 486-01 Research Paper 12/15/2015 Introduction: Cancer is defined by the National Cancer Institute as ?the title given to a group of related diseases. All types of cancer are categorized by uncontrollable growth of cells that metastasize to surrounding tissues.? Cancer can develop at almost any part of the human body and anyone can develop cancer, although risk typically increases with age because most cancers tend to require many years to develop. ?Typically, human cells tend to grow and divide and ultimately form new cells as the body needs them. When an organisms cells grow old or get damaged, the cells die, and new ones replace them. However when cancer†¦show more content†¦The importance?s of staging cancer is to assist the doctor with planning appropriate treatments to fight the cancer and also helps determine is treatment is a necessary option for patients. ?Unfortunately cancer is an assembly of illnesses that can result in virtually any sign or symptom. However the signs and symptoms associated wit h cancer are dependent upon where the cancer is located, how big the cancer is, and how much of the cancer affects the organs and tissues that the cancer is found in. If a cancer has metastasized (spread) to other regions of the body the signs or symptoms will possibly appear their as well? (cancer.org). ?Although cancer has no race limits cancer incidence and death statistics reveal that certain groups of people that live in the United States are disproportionately affected by cancer when compared to other groups which ultimately leads to premature death? (cancer.gov). Despite there being substantial progress in the treatment of cancer regarding screening, diagnosis, and prevention over the years; there are still significant disparities that exist amongst groups of people with no clear explanation as to why they exist. Typically these populations of interest are characterized by various factors such as ethnicity, geographic location, income, or race. ?The National Cancer Institut e (NCI) defines cancer health disparities as?adverse

Working in Partnership free essay sample

Working in partnership in health and social care sector is seen as an effective and embracing strategy for the successful delivery of services for the service providers as well as the service users. According to Glendinning et al. (2002, p. 3), and Sullivan and Skelcher (2002), partnership working would involve at least two agencies with common interests of interdependencies and require a degree of trust, equality, a shared responsibility and an intention to deliver benefits or added values which could not have been achieved by a sole agency acting alone. Therefore, in this essay various concepts for building effective partnership relationships to achieve positive outcomes will be discussed in detail. LO1 There are 6 different philosophies generally acknowledged and aspired to be fulfilled in health and social care partnership working which are as explained below. At first, Autonomy is conceptualised as ‘self-determination in health care ethics, which means if a person is autonomous, he or she can make own decisions regarding treatment and care’ (Widdershoven and Abma, 2012, p. 217). Independence indicates playing self-governing roles around everything to do with oneself (Beales and Platz, 2008). For instance, allowing an elderly client to conduct easy daily tasks on her own and waiting till the completion of task can promote an independent achievement of the service user. At third, making informed choices implies ‘building up a picture of the available options, and understandable, relevant and high-quality information to compare the advantages and disadvantages of each for decision-making’ (Ovretveit, 1996; Rosen et al. , 2005, p. 8). In order to facilitate utmost choice from the service user side, the information given from the service provider should include what, where, when and how things can be done. Furthermore, empowerment is about ‘enabling people to take control over their lives through choices and be as independent as possible’ (Rasheed et al. , 2010, p, 24). As an important concept in the partnership relationships between the service providers and users, empowering clients could leads them to an achievement of autonomy, independence and making choices in their life. For instance, giving information and possible treatment options and arranging regular health check-ups at a GP for a patient and a family member would allow the patient to organise proper dietary plan and take right dose of medication at right time with an assistance of family members and a home carer. It may also bring a more independent and autonomous self-image to the patient about him or herself, and a stronger responsibility of own health condition through self decision-making process under the empowerment philosophy. At fifth, in the service user and provider relationships respect can be described ‘as a set of attitudes and behaviours displayed towards an individual or group which demonstrates politeness and consideration’ (NHS Dorset and Dorset County Council, 2009, p. 4). The feeling of being respected could be achieved for instance, when service user’s wish, interests and personal values are prioritised in care provision, and when there is an active service user inclusion in decision-making regarding to service provision. Finally, power sharing is seen as ‘sharing of government responsibility and political co-operation between the two partners’ (Gottlieb et al. , 2005, p. 8). Specifically, among health and social care service professionals and providers, power sharing may be the prerequisite factor to develop a collaborative partnership relationship. For instance, when two different professionals, such as carers and nurses, work together in a team as a form of partnership work, certain responsibilities in professional conduct or perspectives could differ from each other. In this case, these two different parties should reach to an agreement of shared objectives within the team in relation to work delegation balancing the possession of power, and be open to constructive feedback and ideas through developing a frank partnership relationship (Department of Health (DH), 2004). There are three different levels of partnership relationships, which are firstly, between the service users and service providers, secondly, among the health care and social care service professionals, and thirdly, among the health and social care organisations. In the case of the service user provider partnership relationship, there are several factors to consider in order achieving positive outcomes, and these positive outcomes may be linked to the accomplishment of user’s needs. Therefore, in the partner relationship, understanding and fulfilling the specific needs of the service users are critical. For instance, by using a person-centred approach, a social worker could learn about a particular client as a whole through effective communication, and customise certain healthcare and social services according to the preference and wish of the client. This process would increase satisfaction and contribution level of the user as he or she and the social worker cooperatively produce service plan, and after all, it could lead to positive partnership relationship. Secondly, among the various health and social care professionals, their skills and abilities of working within a team may be the fundamental factor to maintain an effective partnership. Different professionals, such as nurses, carers, social workers and physiotherapist have their own specialty and knowledge in particular areas. In order to pool their different skills, abilities and commitment, they need to be open to exchange ideas, encompass diverse professional areas, and clearly define work responsibilities (Greig and Poxton, 2001). For instance, when I was volunteering in a nursing home for the elderly, every staff who works in a team had to attend at meetings before and after they provide daily service. Throughout the team meeting, each professional was able to share necessary information and audit each other’s given duties within their work roles in order to achieve team goals which eventually link to the improved service quality. As collaborative partners, each one had to make own contribution to the team performance, and when one does not achieve individual task, another member of the team became a mentor to advise and pull the potential ability by motivating the colleague. Thirdly, among health and social care organisations or agencies, successful partnership relationship may rely on various factors, such as understanding organisational cultures and behaviours, integrated objectives and policy making, agreement over the use of pooled resources and performance audit arrangement (Poxton, 2004). Partner healthcare organisations, for instance, a GP and secondary care trust, will have to delegate work roles and functions to each other by developing an integrated policy framework over the use of funds and arrangement to transfer patients from one to another organisation without delay of service. -Words count 954- LO2 There are 4 different types of partnership working models found in health and social care settings, which are (1) integrated model, (2) coordinated model, (3) coalition model, and (4) hybrid model. Firstly, the integrated model indicates structurally unified health and social care services which deliver seamless service provision to the public (Scottish Office, 1997, p. 2), and is found in Northern Ireland NHS. In this model, there is one single Trust which governs and provides both health and social care services therefore, service provision is well-organised through the close partnership between health care and social care professionals under one unified and agreed objectives and policy framework. As advantages of this model compared to the other models, service users could be transferred to one service (health care) to another (social care) at right time without delay and possibly less blame culture between the two parties exists. Nevertheless, partnership working between NHS and social care sector in this model raises a concern of a loss of control and power over the resource distribution in social care side due to health care system priorities (Carnwell and Buchana, 2004). Secondly, in the coordinated model, each health care, social care and many other organisations are functionally independent, autonomous and specialised in certain area but they coordinate to reduce any possible gaps within the service provisions, and there is no single authority to govern overall system, such as England NHS (Douglas, 2009). On one hand, compared to the integrated model, this model could advantage of balanced power sharing between different agencies and a system of pooled funds can take place which may lead to fair resource distribution due to health and social care divide. On the other hand, there could be duplication of health or social care service provision and time delay in the transfer of one service to another for the patients. Thirdly, coalition model refers to a collaboration taking place among various professionals or agencies in their own self-interest, but to achieve mutual targets for a common cause (Coalition of Care and Support Providers in Scotland, 2012). This is also called as a joint action which partners share information, skills and resources for a certain period of time till each entity accomplishes their mutual targets. Unlike to the integrated model, each health care and social care agency has separate roles and responsibilities, developed under respective organisational policies except for the overlapping areas where collaboration with another agency are necessarily required. Finally, hybrid model is the mixture form of the other three models discussed above. This model extracts advantageous features from each partnership relationship models and seeks for appropriate degree of partner-relationships in order to minimise limitations of each models. Therefore, it has similarities and dissimilarities compared to the other different models. Current Acts, policies and practices of organisation for partnership working entail more or less the same purpose and requirements to the health and social care professionals and organisations to conform to certain guidelines. In other words, organisational policies and standards of professional conducts are actually in line with the context of legislative frameworks. The Health and Social Care Act 2012 (DH, 2012) outlines the reform plan of NHS system which is the replacement of Primary Care Trusts (PCTs) and their roles to clinical commissioning groups, who are GPs and other clinicians, to allow greater accountability for using local resources efficiently under the support of NHS Commissioning Board. This Act aims at integrated and more accessible service provision placing the need of local people and patient in the centre, which would reduce unnecessary costs and time consumed during the administration work. Secondly, the Equality Act 2010 (The National Archives, 2010) protects people who have different characteristics on the ground of disability, race, marriage status, religion or belief, sex and sexual orientation from being discriminated in the case of employment, perception, association, payment, access to health care and social services and so on. Accordingly, in the organisational policies and practices, these legislations are implemented as guidelines for the professionals to produce effective partnership work. For instance, as a self-commissioning body, the practitioners of local clinics would assess the health care needs of the population and delegate necessary services to other health care organisations as they develop mutual organisational policy frameworks. Also, service providers of nursing homes would respect religious and cultural diversity of the service users and adopt an equal approach towards the disabled people as a good organisational practice. In a partnership relationship, each professional and agency should agree and develop a partnership-based approach toward their joint-work (Dalrymple and Burke, 2006). If there are different terms and conditions applied to the joint services, it could hinder different professionals to act as a team and the smooth delivery of service to be in place. When there are differences in work practice in the partnership relationship of two separate GPs, they could simply encounter a number of conflicting situations resulting in onfusion to the patients. For instance, one patient who has complex needs to be dealt with various health and social care professionals, such as home carers and district nurses, for different services could experience repeated assessment process to identify what service was already given by other service provider, and it may be hard to achieve consistent and integrated service provision. When complaints arise, both carer and nurse could blame for the dissatisfaction of t he patient to the other partner as well. Similarly, absence of integrated policy in the different agencies could cause difficulties to equally pool and share resources, and achieve equal power-sharing among professionals because when there is no guideline or policy regulating partnership work standard, one party who has more power is likely to monopolise the resources, and therefore successful partnership relationship cannot be achieved. Words count 953- LO3 In partnership working, there are various possible outcomes that could be generated in each partnership relationship levels. Firstly, from the service user side, possible positive and negative outcomes could be increased chances to make informed choices and improved quality of life, but there could be abuse, confusion caused by miscommunication or information overload, and neglect. For instance, when an elderly client is cared by nurses or carers who have ability to share information and knowledge regarding the medical condition of client, such as what dietary plan should be followed and the cause of certain symptoms the client suffers, and it would lead the client to change some diet habits and make right choices. Through the professional engagement with informative knowledge, the life of client could be much more supported and improved. Whereas, as this relationship involves external service providers rather than family carers, there is a chance of any form of abuse to take place if the positive and healthy relationship are not built between the client and professionals. Also, excessive advice given from different professionals that may be incompatible with each one could cause confusion to the client. In the case where the health care and social divide takes place, there is a possibility for service providing professionals to deny own accountability and blame other parties if there are complaints raised in the process of transfer, and f this situation continues, the client could be neglected rather than placed in the centre of the service. Secondly, among different health and social care professionals the positive outcomes could be the increased reciprocity or support as each professional can make contribution that complements each other’s skills, and therefore prevented mistakes, and coordinated service pro vision but as negative outcomes time wasting and miscommunication could be listed. As different professionals work as a partner or a team, each member of the team could pool strengths on skills and abilities to support another member of the professionals, and it could lead to reduced mistakes as each member monitor and complement weakness of other professionals. In the domiciliary care setting, a nurse and a carer can schedule certain tasks, for instance, changing bandages on the wound of the client from a nurse side, and it can be communicated to a carer such as not to contact water or apply medication cream on that area as a coordinated service. However, when an integrated service is required from different professionals in order to produce a care plan, different professionals would have to receive information about the result of assessment and produce work based on an agreed time scale, however, if one party does not perform the duty on time, the other party is likely to waste time and the integrated service provision could be delayed. Finally, in a partnership relationship among organisations, integrated service provision, the expansion of service domain and increased available resources can be the positive outcomes, but disjointed work, loss of shared purpose and blame-culture followed are the negative outcomes. For instance, if two GPs in different district work collaboratively providing coordinated service, they would pool resources such as funds and capabilities for greater purpose for the both parties to meet their self-interests as well as common purpose, and they could stretch their client group by encompassing more patients from the other areas. On the other hand, when the two service providers do not agree with mutual outcomes to be achieved and rather focus on their own self-benefits, the joint work could easily collapse in the middle of partnership work and they could end up with blaming each other. Further potential barriers in the health and social care service partnership could be lack of communication, absence of information sharing, and different priorities and values. In my experience, if carers face emergent situation in one client’s house or when there is traffic congestion, the next visit to the second client can be delayed therefore, carers normally inform the office manager or coordinator to make notification to the client. However, when the carer reaches to the client, it was often found that the client had not been informed about the delay and as a result, the client was feeling frustrated due to the absence of message delivery in communication process between the service provider and the user. Similarly, absence of information sharing could lead to duplication of the service provision to the service users. In some cases, due to an absence of collaborative work practice, policy and patronising attitude towards other professional partner, based on their vocational status or position, could be the cause of not sharing critical information for the service provision. Also, having different priorities and organisational or personal values could cause disagreement over collaborative work and lead negative outcomes to be generated. Therefore, to generate positive outcomes, as mentioned in the philosophies of working in partnership, service providers must preserve autonomy of service users and empower them as much as they can in order to prevent any abuse, neglect and confusion from taking place, and discreetly select communication mechanisms and comprehensible terms to avoid miscommunication as well as information overload. Moreover, among different professionals and service providing organisations, to equip with professional approach by considering each partner as an equal entity and coordinate comprehensive service delivery devised by organised communication schemes and common work practice in terms of information sharing, converging different priorities and values, and audit partners’ performance would be the fundamental strategies to achieve positive outcomes in the health and social care settings.

Nuclear Proliferation free essay sample

A look at how the introduction of nuclear warfare has impacted conflict between India and Pakistan and the world. An examination of the ongoing conflicts between India and Pakistan and how the introduction of nuclear weapons has effected their conflicting relationship. The author reveals how nuclear proliferation has its bonuses in minimizing threat between the two countries yet simultaneously threatening global security. There is no larger threat to the world than nuclear warfare. A World War in which nuclear weapons were used would undoubtedly cease life as we know it on earth. This outcome would be attributed to the direct effects of the bombs and the indirect effects a nuclear winter would bring about. This fact leads the majority of people to believe that the less amount of nuclear weapons on the planet the better. Now lets say that you live in India or Pakistan, neighboring countries that have fought each other in the past. We will write a custom essay sample on Nuclear Proliferation or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Many people have died in battles between these two countries. Within the last few years each of these countries has acknowledged the fact that they possess nuclear weapons by testing them underground for the world, and especially each other, to see. So was the introduction of nuclear weapons a good or bad thing for the future of relations between India and Pakistan? The introduction of nuclear weapons into the militaries of these two regional powers was a huge step in reducing the chance of all-out war between the two rivals due to nuclear deterrence. However, just because the threat of nuclear attack has slowly helped start India and Pakistan on the road to peace, it does not necessarily mean that the world would be better off if every nation had nuclear weapons.